Abstract
New methods for fabricating carbon electrode materials and for modifying their surfaces have resulted in enhanced performance in electroanalytical applications. The approach is based partly on controlling the adsorption properties of carbon materials, which are often responsible for both electrochemical reactivity and for short sensor lifetime. Several novel carbon electrodes will be discussed, along with their behavior toward common bioanalytical targets such as doparnine, ascorbate and outer sphere metal complexes. Electrode materials to be discussed include a very flat carbon surface (0.5 nm rms) made from lithographically patterned photoresist, and chemisorbed monolayers deposited on glassy carbon and pyrolyzed photoresist.